Tzachi Matzliach Samocha

Major Research Expertise

Induced maturation and spawning of penaeid shrimp.

Experimental penaeid larval-culture systems.

Use of artificial diets for penaeid postlarvae production and evaluation of larval dietary requirements.

Mass algal production systems for penaeid shrimp larvae.

Medium and large scale penaeid postlarvae production systems.

Medium and commercial scale intensive nursery systems for penaeid postlarvae.

Development of practical evaluation methods to determine penaeid postlarvae quality.

Nutritional requirements of Penaeus semisulcatus, P. japonicus and P. monodon.

Ammonia toxicity to penaeid shrimp.

Salinity preference and tolerance of P. semisulcatus, P. monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei.

Semi-intensive & intensive grow-out pond production systems for penaeid shrimp.

Super intensive closed recirculating systems for penaeid shrimp.

Design criteria for an inland broodstock production center for L. vannamei.

Commercial production systems for live bait shrimp. Physical and chemical substrate (pond bottom) requirements for optimal growth of penaeid shrimp.

Characterization, environmental impact and potential remediation methods for effluent waters from shrimp farms. Potential use of an integrated pond system, bacterial supplements and constructed wetlands to reduce negative environmental impact from shrimp farm effluent waters.

Production of penaeid shrimp with Azero water discharge.@

Professional Experience:

1988-present: Private sector consulting: site evaluations, conceptual designs and staff training in induced maturation, larval rearing, nursery and grow-out facilities for penaeid shrimp. On-site assistance to commercial shrimp farms

1992-present: Associate Professor, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES), Corpus Christi, Texas. Responsibilities include: Planning and conducting shrimp culture experiments in raceways and ponds to develop new concepts in intensive nursery and grow-out techniques. Planning and carrying out technology transfer to commercial mariculture farms and industry related businesses. Summarizing research and scholarly academic results for publication and preparation of grant proposals for extramural funding of the research and graduate training programs.

1992-present: Associate Professor, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas. Responsibilities include: Teaching graduate level courses and supervision of graduate students.

1989-1992: Visiting Research Scientist, TAES, Corpus Christi, Texas.

1988-1989: Sabbatical with the Shrimp Mariculture Project, TAES, Corpus Christi, Texas, from NCM, Israel.

1980-1988: Senior Scientist, Head of the Shrimp Research Unit, National Center for Mariculture (NCM), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Eilat, Israel. Responsibilities included: Directing marine shrimp research activity in Israel. Specifically, conducting research concerned with maturation, reproduction, larviculture, nursery and grow-out phases, metabolite toxicity, nutrition and disease. Conducting research directed toward the development of commercial shrimp culture industry in Israel. Specifically, conducting research concerned with nursery, grow-out management strategies and shrimp diet related studies. Participating in the graduate student education program of the Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University in Israel. Interacting with the private shrimp farming sectors in Israel.

Academic Activities

1994-present: Graduate Faculty Member Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

1994-present: Visiting Member, Graduate Faculty Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas.

Teaching

Mariculture - The Hebrew University, Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot, Israel.

Mariculture Techniques - Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Mariculture - Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Graduate Students

1997: M.S. Jorge Cordova
1997: M.S. Paul DeMarco
1997: M.S. Alan Fitzek
1997: M.S. Ryan Gandy
1996: M.S. Martin Conricote
1996: M.S. Patricia Kinne
1996: M.S. Sekhar Koneru
1996: M.S. Marco Lopez
1996: M.S. Takeo Matsumoto
1995: M.S. Brent Burkott
1995: M.S. Gad Ritvo
1994: M.S. Horacio Guajardo
1989: Ph.D. Craig Browdy
1988: M.Sc. Natan Wajsbrot
1985: M.Sc. Gilad Issar

Current: M.S. 12 students

Contracts and Grants: Principal Investigator - Dr. Tzachi Samocha.

Israel's Ministry of Agriculture: Feasibility study for shrimp culture in Israel. Funding for FY76 - $12,000.

Ramot (Authority for Applied Research and Industrial Development of Tel Aviv University) and the Israel Ministry of Agriculture: Aspects of shrimp culture in earthen ponds in Israel. Funding for FY78 - $15,000.

Haynes Furniture Company: Culture of unicellular algae for larval rearing of penaeid shrimp. Funding for FY79 - $15,000.

Israel's Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism and MGM Inc., Group: Induced maturation, spawning and larval rearing of penaeid shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus; P. japonicus and P. monodon). Funding for FY81-84, $20,000/year.

United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (BARD): Improvements in penaeid shrimp larval production techniques: Nauplii evaluation, small experimental scale and commercial scale system. Funding for FY84-86, $45,000/year. (Samocha Co-Investigator).

Israel's Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure: Evaluation of shrimp culture possibilities in Israel: Induced maturation and spawning, mass production of postlarvae, nursery, grow-out, nutritional requirements and disease control of several penaeid shrimp species in Israel. Funding for FY84-88, $250,000/year.

Gulf Coast Research Consortium, U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, United States Department of Agriculture, CSRS - Establishment of Broodstock Production Center in Texas. Co-principal investigator. Base Research Program, funding for FY93 - $50,000.

Gulf Coast Research Consortium, U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, United States Department of Agriculture, CSRS - February 1, 1994 to January 31, 1995-$70,000. Characterization, environmental impact and potential remediation methods of effluent water from commercial shrimp farms.

Gulf Coast Research Consortium, U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, United States Department of Agriculture, CSRS - January 31, 1996 to February 28, 1997-$30,000. Potential use of bivalves and bacterial supplements to improve shrimp farm=s effluent water quality.

Gulf Coast Research Consortium, U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, United States Department of Agriculture, CSRS B March 1, 1997 to February 28, 1998-$31,500. Potential use of bacterial supplements to improve shrimp farm=s effluent water quality.

Gulf Coast Research Consortium, U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, United States Department of Agriculture, CSRS B March 1, 1998 to February 28, 1999-$85,000. Development of a shrimp biosecure production system.

Department of Commerce/NOAA/NMFS - Saltonatall-Kennedy Foundation: Technology Development for Commercial Production of Native Bait Shrimp in the U.S. December, 1996 to December, 1998 - $332,450.

Professional Society Involvement:

World Aquaculture Society, Texas Aquaculture Association, Texas Academy of Science

Awards

World Mariculture Society Best Paper Award 1985: "Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan (1844)." Authors: Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M.

Technology Transfer:

Intensive Nursery Raceway System for Penaeus vannamei - Laguna Madre Shrimp Farm, Los Fresnos, Texas. 1990 - 1992.

Intensive Nursery Raceway System for Penaeus vannamei - Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton South Carolina. 1991.

Intensive Nursery System for Penaeus setiferus - Southern Star Shrimp Farm, Arroyo City, Texas. 1993.

Startup and personnel training of the Valley Water Testing Laboratory in Arroyo City, Texas. Monitoring effluent waters from Southern Star Shrimp Farm, Taiwan Village Shrimp Farm and Harlingen Shrimp Farms. 1994 to 1995.

Intensive shrimp nursery technology to GMSB Inc., Summerland Key, Florida. 1995

Maturation, larval rearing and live bait production in an intensive raceway system for Penaeus duorarum - Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Ft. Pierce, Florida. 1996.

Intensive Nursery Raceway System for Litopenaeus vannamei using ground saline water - Wood Brothers Farms, Gila Bend Arizona. 1997 to present.

Postlarvae and live bait shrimp production technology of Farfantepenaeus aztecus - Lone Star Farm, Austin, Texas. 1997-1998.

Conference Participation

Samocha, T. and Lewinsohn, C. 1976. Shrimp Culture in Laboratory and in Ponds. Oral Presentation & Abstract - 5th Sci. Meet. H. Steinitz Mar. Biol. Lab., Eilat, Israel.

Samocha, T.M. 1981. Studies of the Mariculture Potential of Several Penaeid Shrimp Species with an Emphasis on the Effect of Diet and Salinity on Growth and Survival of Penaeus monodon. Oral Presentation & Abstract - 9th Sci. Meet. H. Steinitz Mar. Biol. Lab., Eilat, Israel.

Samocha, T.M. and Browdy, C.L. 1983. A Preliminary Comparison of Two Methods for the Larval Rearing of Green Tiger Prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844) in Eilat, Israel. Oral Presentation & Abstract - Workshop on food for larval organisms in aquaculture. Eilat, Israel.

Issar, G. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. Primary and Secondary Nursery of Penaeus semisulcatus in Tanks and Earthen Ponds. Oral Presentation - Symposium on the growth of saltwater shrimps and prawns, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.

Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. Maturation and Spawning of Ablated and Non-ablated Females of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844. Oral Presentation - Symposium on the growth of saltwater shrimps and prawns, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel

Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. Maturation and Spawning of Ablated and Non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan (1844). Oral Presentation & Abstract - Annual Meeting of the World Mariculture Society, Orlando, Florida.

Samocha, T.M. 1986. Larval Rearing Techniques for Penaeid Shrimp Emphasizing the Latest Results of the IOLR National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, Israel. Oral Presentation & Abstract - "Acuicultura 86" Shrimp Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show of The Americas, September 26th - October 5th, 1986, Panama City, Panama.

Samocha, T.M., Uziel, N. and Browdy, C.L. 1987. Evaluation of Animal Protein Sources for the Culture of Penaeid Shrimp Larvae. Oral presentation & Abstract - Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M. and Loya, Y. 1987. The Collection and Transport of Wild Gravid Penaeus semisulcatus and Their Reproductive Performance in Captivity. Oral presentation & Abstract - Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M., and Loya, Y. 1987. An Evaluation of Frozen Artemia as a Dietary Supplement for the Stimulation of Reproduction in Penaeid Shrimp. Poster presentation - Aquaculture Europe '87. European Aquaculture Society, Amsterdam, Holland.

Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1988. Induced Maturation and Larval Rearing of Penaeus semisulcatus. Oral presentation - Israel Aquaculture Society Meeting, Haifa, Israel.

Samocha, T.M. 1989. Summary of the Shrimp Research Activities During the Years of 1986-1988 at The National Center for Mariculture in Eilat. Oral Presentation - Israel Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, Haifa, Israel.

Wajsbrot, N., Gasith, A., Krom, M.D. and Samocha, T.M. 1989. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Moult Stage on the Acute Toxicity of Ammonia to Juvenile Green Tiger Prawn Penaeus semisulcatus. Poster & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, Los Angles, California.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Biedenbach, J.M. 1990. A New Concept for Water Management Strategy for Nursery of Penaeid Postlarvae in Raceways. Oral Presentation & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Samocha, T.M., Castille, F.L. Lawrence, A.L. 1991. Cutting Edge Technology for Shrimp Farming: A New Agricultural Crop for Texas. Poster - Science for Agriculture Conference, 1991. Agriculture Program the Texas A&M University System, College Station.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1992. Shrimp Nursery Systems and Their Management. Oral Presentation & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1993. Nursery Systems in Commercial Shrimp Production. Oral Presentation & Abstract - Aquaculture Expo VI, January 6-10, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Castille, F.L. and Robertson, L. 1993. Summary of 1992 Research at the Shrimp Mariculture Project. U.S. Aquaculture Competing With A Global Economy. Oral Presentation - A joint meeting of the U.S. Chapter WAS and South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show. January 27-30, 1993, Hilton Head, South Carolina.

Samocha, T.M., Castille, F.L., Lawrence, A.L. and Talley, S.E. 1993. Early Spring Growth Trials of Penaeid Shrimp Postlarvae at High Stocking Densities in Raceways. Techniques for modern aquaculture. Oral Presentation & Abstract - American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Annual Meeting, Spokane, Washington.

Samocha, T.M. 1993. Nursery System in Commercial Shrimp Production. Oral Presentation - Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Austin, Texas.

Burkott, B., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Juan, Y.S. and McKee, D.A. 1994. The Effects of Krill Meal, Menhaden Meal, and Vitamin Mix in Commercial Diets for Semi-intensive Production Management of Penaeus vannamei in Outdoor Ponds. Poster - Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Conroe, Texas.

Burkott, B., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Juan, Y.S. and McKee, D.A. 1994. Potential Intensive Production Management Strategies for Bait Shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) in Small Outdoor Ponds. Poster - Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Conroe, Texas.

Guajardo, H., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Speed, F.M., Castille, F.L., Pegg, K.I. and McKee, D.A. 1994. Development of a Quick Practical Method for Evaluating Penaeus vannamei Postlarvae Quality. Poster & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Guajardo, H., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Speed, F.M., Castille, F.L., Pegg, K.I. and McKee, D.A. 1994. Development of a Quick Practical Method for Evaluating Penaeus vannamei Postlarvae Quality. Poster - Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Conroe, Texas.

Samocha, T.M., Allard, E. and Lawrence, A.L. 1994. Production of Bait-size Penaeus vannamei in an Intensive Raceway System. Oral Presentation & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Burkott, B., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Juan, Y.S. and McKee, D.A. 1994. The effects of Krill Meal, Menhaden Meal, and Vitamin Mix in Commercial Diets for Semi-intensive Production Management of Penaeus vannamei in Outdoor Ponds. Poster & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1995. Bait Shrimp Culture in Texas. Annual Conference of the Florida Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting , November 3-5, 1995 St. Augustine, Florida.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1995. Shrimp Farms Effluent Water, Environmental Impact and Potential Treatment Methods. US-UJNR Annual Meeting, October 9-15, 1995, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Lopez-Ivich, M.A. and McKee, D.A. 1995. Shrimp Farms' Effluent Water and The Environment. 13th International Estuarine Research Federation, November 12-16, 1995, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1996. Characterization and Control of Shrimp Farm Effluent Water Quality. Oral presentation & Abstract - World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting Bangkok, Thailand.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1996. The Effect of Salinity on Growth and Survival of Penaeus vannamei in an Inland Semi-Closed Recirculating System. Abstract - U.S. Chapter World Aquaculture Society and Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Arlington, Texas.

Lopez-Ivich, M.A., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. McKee, D.A. and Sharma, V.K. 1996. Characterization of Effluents from Three Commercial Aquaculture Facilities in South. Abstract - U.S. Chapter World Aquaculture Society and Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Arlington, Texas.

Ritvo, G., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L, Hargreaves, J.A. and Neill, W.H. 1996. Correlates of Shrimp Yield and Soil Chemistry for Texas Shrimp Ponds. Abstract - U.S. Chapter World Aquaculture Society and Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Arlington, Texas.

Ritvo, G., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M. and Neill, W.H. 1996. Growth of Penaeus vannamei on Soils from Various Texas Shrimp Farms Under Laboratory Conditions. Abstract - U.S. Chapter World Aquaculture Society and Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Arlington, Texas.

Ritvo, G., Neill, W.H., Lawrence, A.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1996. Can Suspended Soil Particles Indicate Shrimp abundance and Distribution in Grow-out Ponds. Abstract - U.S. Chapter World Aquaculture Society and Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting, Arlington, Texas.

Samocha, T.M. 1996. Prevention and Treatment Concepts for Reducing Potential Negative Impact from Shrimp Farms in Texas. South Texas Environmental Conference, March 28-29, 1996, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Samocha T.M. 1996. Salinity and soil requirements for commercial production of Penaeus vannamei. An invited Oral Presentation in a regional conference of Ecuador Shrimp Farmers Association, April 11, 1996, Machala, Ecuador. A conference sponsored by Roche, S.A. Ecuador.

Samocha, T.M., Lopez-Ivich M.A. and Lawrence A.L. 1996. Characterization of Aquaculture Effluent Waters, Environmental Load Estimation and Potential Remadiation Solutions. Abstract & Oral Presentation. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, July 14-18, 1996, Phoenix, Arizona.

Samocha, T.M. 1997. Treatment of aquaculture effluent waters: Preliminary results and potential applications. A paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Texas Aquaculture Association, February 13-14, 1997, Austin, Texas.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Gregg, K.L. and Reisinger, A.E. 1997. Preliminary evaluation of the bivalve Crassostrea virginica as potential purifier of shrimp farm=s effluent waters. A paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Texas Aquaculture Association, February 13-14, 1997, Austin, Texas.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Liendo, L.M. 1997. Preliminary in situ measurements of TAN generated by the mussel: Mytilopsis lycophaeta. A paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Texas Aquaculture Association, February 13-14, 1997, Austin, Texas.

Kinne, P.N., Browdy, C.L., Samocha, T.M., Jones, E.R. and McKee, D.A. 1997. Preliminary studies on biofiltration of intensive shrimp pond effluent. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Merrilee Thoresen, Tzachi M. Samocha, Addison L. Lawrence and Joanna B. Mott. 1997. The effect of two bacterial supplements on bacterial populations, nitrogenous waste degradation, and ammonia oxidation in a south Texas shrimp pond. Abstract of a poster presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Catherine R. Mann, Craig L. Browdy, Delma Bratvold, Tzachi M. Samocha and David A. McKee. 1997. Regulations of aquaculture effluent: a closer look at biochemical oxygen demand. Abstract of a poster presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Alan R. Fitzek, Tzachi M. Samocha, David A. McKee and David E. Vaughan. 1997. Maturation and larval rearing of the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Ryan L. Gandy, Tzachi M. Samocha and David A. McKee. 1997. A survey of the Florida and Texas retail live bait shrimp markets. Abstract of a paper to presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

De Anda ?, D., Samocha, T.M. and McKee, D.A. 1997. Effects of different water temperatures on postlarval population estimates. Abstract of a paper to presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Ritvo G., Lawrence, A.L., Neill, W.H., Samocha, T.M., Dixon, J.B. and Speed. F. 1997. Elemental accumulations in soils of shrimp ponds in six years. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Ritvo, G., Speed, M., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Neill, W.H. and Dixon, J.B. 1997. Soil chemical composition for two shrimp farms in south Texas. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Seattle, Washington.

Samocha, T.M., Rojas, A., Sutter, R., Lawrence, A.L. and Castille, F.L. 1998. Production of bait shrimp Penaeus setiferus and P. duorarum in Texas using raceways and ponds. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1998. Preliminary design and operating specifications for a biosecure shrimp growout facility in Texas. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Samocha, T.M., Jones, E.R., Lawrence, A.L., Mott, J.B. and Mc Intosh ?, D.M.. 1998. Environmentally friendly feed, zero water exchange and commercial bacterial-supplements as potential effluent management tools in shrimp production. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Ritvo, G., Lawrence, A.L., Dixon, J.B., Samocha, T.M. and Neill, W.H. 1998. Effect of soil chemical composition on shrimp production. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1998. High density production of Penaeus setiferus in an outdoor tank system with no water exchange using high and low protein diets and commercial bacterial supplements. Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting. January 27-29, 1998. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1998. Opportunities and limitations for farm-raised live bait shrimp in Texas. Texas Aquaculture Association Annual Meeting. January 27-29, 1998. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1998. Shrimp feed and pond feed management effect on shrimp pond effluent water quality. Sixth Annual South Texas Environmental Conference and DOE-Western States Clean cities Conference. March 29-April 1, 1998, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Samocha, T.M., Jones, E.R., Lawrence, A.L., Mott, J.B., Mc Intosh ?, D.M., Keeney, T.S., Goulet-Miller, F.H. and Miller, D. 1998. Use of an outdoor tank-system as a research tool to develop sustainable and cost-effective shrimp production management strategies. Sixth Annual South Texas Environmental Conference and DOE-Western States Clean cities Conference. March 29-April 1, 1998, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Lawrence, A.L., Velasco, M., Montoya, R. and Samocha, T.M. 1998. Aquaculture: Feed management, feeds, and environmental quality. Abstract of a paper presented at a Workshop on Marine Aquaculture: Emerging Technologies and Global Opportunities. June 26-27, 1998, University of Connecticut in Stanford.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. Horowitz, A and Horowitz, S. 1998. The use of commercial probiotics in the production of marine shrimp under no water exchange. Abstract of a paper presented at the second international conference on recirculating aquaculture, July 16-19, 1998. Roanoke, VA.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Horowitz, A. and Horowitz, S. 1998. Commercial bacterial supplementBits potential use in the production of marine shrimp under no water exchange. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Lawrence A.L., Velasco, M., Montoya, R. and Samocha, T.M. 1998. Shrimp pond feed management effect on shrimp pond effluent water quality. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Collins, C.A., Castille, F.L., Lee, P.G. and Wood, G.F. 1998. Use of intensive nursery systems in commercial shrimp production: advantages and disadvantages. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Horowitz, A., Samocha, T.M., Gandy, R.L. and Horowitz, S. 1998. Application of a new bead biofilter for enhanced nitrification in shrimp production systems. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Horowitz, A., Samocha, T.M., Gandy, R.L. and Horowitz, S. 1998. Liner toxicity in a recirculating superintensive shrimp production system. Abstract of a paper presented at the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Samocha, T.M. 1998. Intensification, Biosecurity and Sustainable Shrimp Farming. Paper presented at the Expo Alianza >98 - Seminario Acuacultura y Ecologia, Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. October 24, 1998.

Horowitz, S., Gandy, R.L., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Horowitz, A. 1998. Improving the Microbiology of NitriFYing Biofilters. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture Brazil >98. November 2-6, 1998, Recife, Brazil. Pernanbuco=s Convention Center.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Collins, C.A., Castille, F.L., Lee, P.G., Davies, C.J. and Wood, G.F. 1999. Use of greenhouse-enclosed intensive raceway system for the nursery phase of Penaeus vannamei in an inland commercial shrimp farm in Arizona. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture America >99. January 27-30, 1999, Tampa, Florida.

Samocha, T.M., Moya, M.E., Lawrence, A.L., Bray, W.A. and Wood, G.F. 1999. Production of marketable-size Penaeus vannamei in an inland commercial shrimp farm in Arizona desert using ground saline water. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture America >99. January 27-30, 1999, Tampa, Florida.

Blacher, T.S., Samocha, T.M., Gandy, R.L., Lawrence, A.L., Jones, E.R. and McKee, D.A. 1999. A production protocol of Penaeus aztecus (brown shrimp) for use as bait shrimp in the gulf of Mexico. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture America >99. January 27-30, 1999, Tampa, Florida.

Samocha, T.M. 1999. Use of intensive nursery raceway system for live bait shrimp production. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture America =99. January 27-30, 1999, Tampa, Florida.

Ritvo, G., Dixon, J.B., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Neill, W.H. 1999. Low-cost experimental unit and growth medium for testing soil effects on shrimp culture. Abstract of a paper presented at the Aquaculture America >99. January 27-30, 1999, Tampa, Florida.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Bray, W.A., Collins, C.A., Castille, F.L., Lee, P.G. and Davies, C.J. 1999. Production of marketable Litopenaeus vannamei in greenhouse-enclosed raceways in the Arizona desert using ground saline water. Abstract of a paper presented at the World Aquaculture >99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26 - May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Mc Intosh ?, D., Samocha, T.M., Jones, E.R., Lawrence, A.L., Mott, J.B. and McKee, D.A. 1999. The effect of two low protein diets and a bacterial supplement on water quality, growth, and survival of Penaeus vannamei in a high density outdoor tank system with no water exchange. Abstract of a paper presented at the World Aquaculture >99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26-May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Apostolos, B., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and McKee, D.A. 1999. The effect of two low-protein diets on water quality, growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei stocked at high density in outdoor production systems under no water exchange. Abstract of a paper presented at the World Aquaculture >99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26-May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Moya, M.E., Lawrence, A.L., Collins, C.A. and Samocha, T.M. 1999. Acclimation of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae to 2 ppt ground saline water in Sonora Desert, Arizona. Abstract of a paper presented at the World Aquaculture >99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26 - May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Bray, W.A., Moya, M.E., Lawrence, A.L. and Samocha, T.M. Broodstock culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity desert groundwater of 2.3 ppt: Summary of growth and sperm development. World Aquaculture 99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26 - May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Emberson, C.R., Samocha, T.M. and Wood, G.F. 1999. Use of ground saline water for commercial production of Litopenaeus vannamei in the Sonora Desert, Arizona, USA. Abstract of a paper to be presented at the World Aquaculture >99. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. April 26 - May 2, 1999, Sydney, Australia.

Publications

Samocha, T. and Lewinsohn, Ch. 1977. A preliminary report on rearing penaeid shrimp in Israel. Aquaculture 10:191-292.

Samocha, T.M. and Browdy, C.L. 1983. A preliminary comparison of two methods for the larval rearing of Green Tiger Prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844) in Eilat, Israel - Special publication of a workshop on food for larval organisms in aquaculture, Eilat, April 13-14, 1983.

Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844. Journal of the World Mariculture Society 16:237-249.

Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. The effect of eye stalk ablation on spawning, molting and mating of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. Aquaculture 49:19-29.

Samocha, T.M. 1986. Larval rearing techniques for penaeid shrimp emphasizing the latest results of the IOLR National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, Israel. Pages 75-88 in: J.B. Matzumoto, ed. Proceeding of the "Acuicultura 86" Shrimp Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show of The Americas, September 26-October 5, 1986, Panama City, Panama.

Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M. and Loya, Y. 1986. The reproductive performance of wild and pond reared Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. Aquaculture 59:251-258.

Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M. and Loya, Y. 1987. An evaluation of frozen Artemia as dietary supplement for the stimulation of reproduction in penaeid shrimp. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication No. 12.

Colorni, A., Samocha, T.M. and Colorni, B. 1987. Pathogenic viruses introduced into Israeli mariculture systems by imported penaeid shrimp. Bamidgeh 39(1):21-28.

Issar, G., Seidman, E.R. and Samocha, T.M. 1987. Preliminary results of nursery and pond culture of Penaeus semisulcatus in Israel. Bamidgeh 39(3):63-74.

Samocha, T.M., Uziel, N. and Browdy, C.L. 1989. Evaluation of animal protein sources for the culture of penaeid shrimp larvae. Aquaculture 77:11-19.

Wajsbrot, N., Krom, M.D., Gasith, A. and Samocha, T.M. 1989. Ammonia excretion of green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus as possible limit for the biomass density in shrimp ponds. Bamidgeh 41(4):159-164.

Wajsbrot, N., Gasith, A., Krom, M.D. and Samocha, T.M. 1990. Effect of dissolved oxygen and moult stage on the acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:497-504.

Smith, L.L., Samocha, T.M., Biedenbach, J.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1992. Use of one-liter Imhoff cones to optimize larviculture production. Pages 287-300 in: A.W. Fast and L.G. Lester, eds. Culture of Marine Shrimp: Principles and Practices. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Sturmer, L.L., Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1992. Intensification of penaeid nursery systems. Pages 323-346 in: A.W. Fast and L.G. Lester, eds. Culture of Marine Shrimp: Principles and Practices. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Robertson, L., Samocha, T.M., Gregg, K. and Lawrence, A.L. 1992. Post-nursery growout potential of Penaeus vannamei in an intensive raceway system. Ciencias Marinas 18(4):47-56.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1992. Shrimp nursery systems and their management. Pages 87-105 in: J.A. Wyban, ed. Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Castille, F.L., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., He, H., Frelier, P.F. and Jaenike, F. 1993. Variability in growth and survival of early postlarvae Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 113:65-81.

Robertson, L., Bray, W.A., Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1993. Reproduction of penaeid shrimp: an operation guide. Pages 107-132 in: J.P. Mc Vey ?, ed. CRC Handbook of Mariculture. Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Bray, W.A. 1993. Design and Operation of an Intensive Nursery System for Penaeid Shrimp. Pages 173-210 in: J.P. Mc Vey ?, ed. CRC Handbook of Mariculture. Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Biedenbach, J.M. 1993. The Effect of vertical netting and water circulation pattern on growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae in an intensive raceway system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2(1):55-64.

Samocha, T.M., Castille, F.L., Lawrence, A.L. and Talley, S.E. 1993. Early spring growth trials of penaeid shrimp postlarvae at high stocking densities in raceways. Pages 230-240 in: J.K. Wang, ed. Techniques for modern aquaculture. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, U.S.A.

Lawrence, A.L., Castille, F.L., Samocha, T.M., Bray, W.A., Robertson, L. and Frelier, P.F. 1994. Review of the shrimp culture research at Texas A&M University for 1989, 1990, and 1991, funded in part by U.S. Department of Agriculture, CSRS. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System. Bulletin B-1715.

Sureshwaran, S., Green, C., Rhodes, R.J., Browdy, C.L., Hollway, J.D. and Samocha, T.M. 1995. The financial viability of hypothetical Penaeus vannamei shrimp farm with greenhouse enclosed nursery system in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division, Technical Report Number 85.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. 1997. Shrimp farms effluent water, environmental impact and potential treatment methods. Pages 33-57 in: B.J. Keller, P.K. Park, J.P. Mc Vey ?, K. Takayanagi and K. Hosoya, eds. Water Effluent and Quality, With Special Emphasis on Finfish and Shrimp Aquaculture. Proceedings of the 24th US-Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium, October 8-10, 1995, Corpus Christi, Texas. UJNR Technical Report No. 24. Texas A&M University Sea Grant college Program TAMU-SG-97-102.

Samocha, T.M., Burkott, B.J., Lawrence, A.L., Juan, Y.S., Jones, E.R. and McKee, D.A. 1998. Management strategies for production of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus as bait-shrimp in outdoor ponds. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 29(2):211-220.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Poser, D. 1998. Salinity effect on growth and survival of juvenile Penaeus vannamei in semi-closed recirculating system. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh. In Press.

Samocha, T.M., Guajardo, H., Lawrence, A.L., Speed, F.M., Castille, F.L., Page, K.I. and McKee, D.A. 1998. A simple stress test for Penaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquaculture 165:233-242.

Ritvo, G., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Neill, W.H. 1998. Growth of Penaeus vannamei on soils from various Texas shrimp farms under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture 163 (1-2):101-110.

Ritvo, G., Sherman, M., Lawrence, A.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1997. Estimation of soil composition in shrimp ponds. Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Technical Report No. 282.

Ritvo, G., M. Sherman, A L. Lawrence, T.M. Samocha. 1998. Determining the bottom soil sampling rate in shrimp ponds using variograms. Aquacultural Engineering 17 (4):273-286.

Ritvo, G., Neill, W.H., Lawrence, A.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1997. Turbidity related to shrimp size in tanks with soil substrate. Aquaculture Engineering 16:(4) 221-225.

Cordova, I.J., Samocha, T.M., McKee, D.A. and Arango, J.I. 1998. Efecto de dietas suplementadas con astaxantina sobre elcrecomiento y la sobrevivencia de Penaeus vannamei en condiciones comerciales de cultivo en Ecuador. Acuacultura del Ecuador 25:30-36.

Ritvo, G., Dixon, J.B., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., Neill, W.H. and Speed, M.F. 1998. Accumulation of chemical elements in Texas shrimp pond soils. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 29(4):422-431.

Ritvo, G., Dixon, J.B., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Neill, W.H. Low-cost experimental unit and growth medium for testing soil effects on shrimp culture. Aquacultural Engineering (In press).

Ritvo, G., Lawrence, A.L., Samocha, T.M., and Neill W.H. Effect of soils from several shrimp farms on growth of Penaeus vannamei. In: Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque, D. and Mendoza, R. (Eds). Proceedings of the 3rd Simposium International de Nutricion Acuicola, November 11-13, 1996, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, Mexico - In Press.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. Horowitz, A and Horowitz, S. The Use of Commercial Probiotics in the Production of Marine Shrimp under No Water Exchange. Pages 373-375 in: Proceedings of the second international conference on recirculating aquaculture, July 16-19, 1998, Roanoke, VA.

Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L., Horowitz, A. and Horowitz, S. Commercial bacterial supplement B its potential use in the production of marine shrimp under no water exchange. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Lawrence A.L., Velasco, M., Montoya, R. and Samocha, T.M. Shrimp pond feed management effect on shrimp pond effluent water quality. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Samocha, T.M. and Lawrence, A.L. Use of intensive nursery systems in commercial shrimp production: advantages and disadvantages. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Horowitz, A., Samocha, T.M., Gandy, R.L. and Horowitz, S. Application of a new bead biofilter for enhanced nitrification in shrimp production systems. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Horowitz, A., Samocha, T.M., Gandy, R.L. and Horowitz, S. Liner toxicity in a recirculating superintensive shrimp production system. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress & Exhibition, October 6-10, 1998, ATLAPA Convention Center Panama City, Panama.

Horowitz, S., Gandy, R.L., Samocha, T.M., Lawrence, A.L. and Horowitz, A. Improving the Microbiology of Nitrifying Biofilters. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Brazil 98. November 2-6, 1998, Recife, Brazil. Pernanbucos Convention Center.